Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

Jujube

Synonyms: Rhamnus Zizyphus L.; Z. sativa Gaertn.; Z. vulgaris Lam.

A small deciduous tree up to 30 ft high, with glabrous, spiny branches; spines in pairs, the longer one up to 11⁄4 in. long, straight, the shorter one decurved. Leaves alternate, oval, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, shallowly round-toothed, blunt or rounded at the apex, glabrous, or downy only on the veins beneath; three-veined at the base. Flowers less than 1⁄4 in. across, yellowish, borne two or three together on short stalks in the leaf-axils. Fruits fleshy and rather like small plums, roundish egg shaped, 1⁄2 to 1 in. long, dark red, or almost black when ripe.

Native originally of temperate Asia as far east as China, but now widely cultivated and naturalised outside its natural range, notably in the Mediterranean region, to which it was introduced in Roman times. Although cultivated off and on in this country since the 17th century it does not succeed in our climate – perhaps more from lack of adequate summer heat than actual tenderness. The fruits have a pleasant acid taste when fresh, but are more palatable when dried; they are commonly eaten in both states in the Mediterranean. Some Chinese cultivated varieties were introduced to the USA in 1906 for trial and the tree has been grown there commercially, though only to a limited extent. In earlier centuries the fruits were used medicinally to alleviate coughs and sore throat and were imported into this country in large quantities from Provence and the Iles d’Hyères.

var. inermis (Bunge) Rehd. Z. vulgaris var. inermis Bunge – Branches unarmed. Originally described from N. China.

Z. lotus (L.) Lam. Rhamnus lotus L. – Allied to the preceding but always an intricately branched shrub, with greyish or whitish twigs and shallowly crenate leaves. The fruits are edible but less palatable than those of the common jujube. This is believed to be genuinely native in the warmer parts of the Mediterranean region, but its main distribution is in N. Africa and the Near East. It is tender.

Other species occurring in the lands bordering the Mediterranean region are Z. mauritiana Lam., a mainly tropical, wide-ranging species; and Z. spina-christi (L.) Desf. (Rhamnus spina-christi L.), valued both for its fruits and as a shade-tree in northern Africa, Arabia and the Near East.